Are Computers Compromising Education?

Language Analysis †â€Å"Are Computers Compromising Education? † In the letter â€Å"Are Computers Compromising Education? †, A. Jones, the head of Hightower College, clarifies his purposes behind forbidding the utilization of PCs in homerooms, educating guardians regarding the numerous issues that it would have forced on understudies. Jones tends to the issue in an extremely contemplated however concerned tone, which continuously turns out to be progressively self-assured as he endeavors to totally persuade guardians to concur with his dispute, that Australia’s â€Å"computer-based ‘education revolution’ speaks to a bogus guarantee to the Australian public†, as it perpetrates an assortment of wellbeing perils on understudies and is keeping them from learning â€Å"the basic social and scholarly abilities that they have to thrive in the grown-up world†. With a formal and deliberately organized, yet now and again very emotive style of composing, Jones viably utilizes an assortment of enticing language procedures to legitimize the objectivity of his choice, and to make it understood to guardians that the negatives of having workstations in study halls â€Å"far exceed the potential benefits†. Jones advances to the reader’s presence of mind using apparently intelligent articulations, which cause it to appear as if his perspective is the main sensible one, and that it ought to be evident that understudies ought not be permitted PCs in class due to the â€Å"obviously unhealthy† impacts it has on their training, however their public activities also. Additionally, in the event that his situation as head doesn’t give him enough believability among the guardians of his school, Jones claims to the authority of Todd Oppenheimer, a main social scholar in the US, who expresses that a PC focused study hall implies â€Å"downplaying the significance of discussion, of cautious tuning in, and of communicating in person†. This utilization of dependable proof works with reason and rationale to persuade guardians that Jones contentions are exact and reasonable, and that â€Å"students’ minds are turning out to be deadened† as they are â€Å"sadly being lost in today’s innovative age†, which is smothering fundamental characteristics in them and â€Å"fostering negative traits†. The picture which was sent alongside the letter to guardians, shows a gathering of understudies â€Å"being sustained by conventional texts† and being supported with their work by an instructor. It features the significance of instructor to understudy learning and the fundamental social aptitudes that children can gain through consistent human connection and direct correspondence, rather than PC based learning and texting. This picture assists with supporting the principal’s contentions, on the grounds that after guardians perceive the need of instructor to understudy gaining from the picture, hearing that the nature of educators decreases with â€Å"every dollar spent on the buy and upkeep of a computer† makes them feel ethically obliged to concur with Jones in the dread that they would somehow or another be bargaining their children’s training. The picture likewise consolidates with Jones’ utilization of exaggeration and emotive language when he expresses that â€Å"by scamming our instructors, we burglarize our offspring of a future† to give the total impact of both bringing out a passionate reaction from guardians before their essential explanation and rationale becomes an integral factor, and stunning them into tolerating his perspective that â€Å"the genuine world is occupied by individuals, not machines, and our study halls ought to mirror this reality† by dumping having PCs in homerooms, and empowering more association among understudies and educators so as to set up our children for what's to come. Notwithstanding the variety of passionate interests and hyperbolic explanations the essayist applies all through the letter, Jones requests to the parent’s hip-pocket nerve by exposing the way that â€Å"the cost of ‘down time’ †where the PC is being fixed †far surpasses the underlying buy cost of the unit†. Since cash is one of the principle main thrusts in everyone’s lives, this utilization of convincing language successfully impacts guardians to support of the principals choice exclusively through their craving to be monetarily secure. Jones takes out any explanation behind guardians to restrict his perspectives through interests to their feeling of dread and their ethics and qualities, by alluding to this issue as a â€Å"worrying phenomenon† and guaranteeing that the steady utilization of PCs has â€Å"a unfavorable impact on children’s learning abilities†¦ and could have other harming consequences for the brain†. The negative implications in words like ‘detrimental’ and ‘worrying’ add to his disturbing tone so as to stir dread and nervousness in guardians by proposing that on the off chance that they push for PCs to be made accessible in study halls, they would do a lot of mischief to their own kids. This constrains the guardians of understudies at Hightower College to partake in the principal’s perspective that the school ought not be â€Å"prepared to bargain the learning capacities of understudies on the side of a fad†. All through his letter, Jones depends on his concerned, yet confident tone and utilization of reason and rationale, to truly influence the guardians of Hightower College to accept that his choice to boycott the utilization of PCs in study halls is clearly the best activity. The incorporation of proof from a legitimate position, significantly higher than his situation of head, adds additional authenticity to his contentions by giving guardians a dependable perspective. Jones additionally continually plays with the parent’s feelings and ethics while speaking to their feeling of dread, in light of the fact that as guardians they could never need to â€Å"compromise [their] children’s capacity to learn† or cause any â€Å"damaging impacts [to] the brains† of their children. Jones’ use of an assortment of powerful language methods permits him to successfully pass on his contentions, and the aggregate impact that they offer assists with persuading guardians regarding his perspective, that â€Å"we need to oppose the impulse to impair the homeroom, and reestablish a progressively capable and human condition for our children†.

Examining The Changing Media Scene In India Media Essay

Looking at The Changing Media Scene In India Media Essay Presentation The media scene in India is changing exceptionally quick, particularly in the previous decade. On one hand, new media are rising and influencing the current ones. Then again, the utilization examples of the media clients are additionally experiencing a great deal of changes. Post freedom, the improvement of media was somewhat moderate and unexciting. For a quarter century after autonomy, the development of media, for example, print, film and radio followed a continuous and uneventful way, advancing gradually and consistently. Weights of urbanization, developing education and advancement in innovation didn't influence the media altogether. The situation was such a pitiful one, that neither bury nor intra-media rivalry existed. This clearly converted into the way that there was no technique or anticipating the piece of the media. Basically media advertising itself was an outsider idea for the majority of the paper proprietors and the sole TV administrator Doordarshan. The principal strains of progress on this static condition were seen in the mid eighties. These progressions were presented through innovation: the advancement of joining strategies in press and in gadgets. The suggestions were two overlay. On the primary level, the span of media was extended and on the subsequent level, the individuals were given increasingly decision. Presentation of glossies among print titles, the development of the telecom company, setting up a radio business station out of nowhere made life all the more energizing and engaging for by far most of the urbanites. It was currently, just because, that crowds were getting sectioned by the titles presented, new markets were opening up and an enormous number of individuals were going under the media presentation. Another fascinating truth during this time was the advancement of another connection between the media and the crowds. Media designs changed indeed when supported projects on TV turned into a customary element. This activity, alongside the turn of events and prevalence of home recordings changed the whole condition. Individuals quit frequenting films, since similar movies were advantageously accessible at home. Magazine readership additionally declined for recordings. TV, notwithstanding, kept up its ordinary arrangement of watchers during the period. It turned into an authentic fixation on the individuals. Projects, for example, the Mahabharat and the Ramayan were the opium of the majority. Presently, TV conveyed significant crowd sections, for example, ladies, the rustic wealthy and kids. At about a similar time, simple access to innovation and creating markets pushed distributers to add on new versions just as enhancements. THE GLOBAL BEGINNING Another adjustment in the media condition accompanied the Invasion of the Skies in the mid nineties. Satellite TV discovered its way into India through CNN and the Star Network during the Gulf War. The restraining infrastructure of Doordarshan reached a conclusion and there were various channels, giving the Indian watcher a selection of projects he had never been presented to. This, obviously, presented substantial rivalry among the channels and in this manner the projects substance likewise improved. At long last, Doordarshan needed to manage the way that it was not the ruler of the skies anything else: without precedent for India, the audience member had the decision of choosing what to watch from more than 50 channels. Confronted with substantial rivalry, it needed to patch up and present new diverts in the metros and in territorial territories. The opposition got extreme even inside the satellite TV players with the deluge of local stations and increasingly more global quality programming. It was understood that solitary those players who can receive a market-adroit, key way to deal with separate their programming from the rest will be capable endure the media wilderness. Improvements in remote innovations and their diminishing expenses have made open doors for quicker arrangement of broadcast communications administrations. This speed is basic for creating nations particularly in country zones, as the job of media communications being developed is progressively huge for them. The take-up of remote advancements has been fast in most creating nations. Generally, these have been cell arranges that work in the authorized groups. The unmatched development of portable assistance (working in authorized groups) in practically all nations of the world has been driven by both innovation just as deregulation. While the fast spread of such systems is remarkable, it has so far been restricted to urban and semi-urban territories. Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE): It is viewed as one of the greatest techno-social correspondence explores in training and rustic turn of events. The one-year try (August 1975 July 1976) meant to give direct communicating of instructional and instructive TV in 2400 towns in the conditions of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. More than 500 ordinary TVs spread more than 335 towns in Kheda region, Gujarat was likewise part of SITE. Satellite technologists had called SITE as jumping from bullock truck stage to satellite correspondence, which didn't separate between provincial poor and urban rich for data and correspondence. It had given 50 years correspondence lead to provincial poor of the nation. SITE gave broadcast to provincial elementary younger students in the age bunch 5 12 years concentrating in levels 1-5. Rustic grown-ups saw TV programs on improved agrarian practices, wellbeing and family arranging. They were additionally ready to see news. TV was considered as window to the world. Both quantitative (overview) and subjective inside and out (anthropological all encompassing investigation) assessment showed unobtrusive gains in certain territories, though no increase or negative addition in different zones. The one-year term was believed to be too little for any positive outcomes. In view of the encounters and positive additions, INSAT satellite was propelled in 1981. From that point forward a progression of INSAT satellites have been propelled and utilized for across the country TV broadcast for instruction and advancement. The miserable part is that, notwithstanding best endeavors, satellite TV has been utilized for diversion more than country improvement. The other research says that entrance to satellite TV is of amazing an incentive to the lives of country Indian ladies and locals when all is said in done. School enrolment among young ladies, family arranging, cleanliness, mindfulness about infections and a lot progressively such achievements have been accomplished by the electronic media. The recently wired ladies additionally has gotten less tolerating of spousal maltreatment, an inclination for having young men declined, and they look bound to have the option to go through cash without a spouses consent. In any case, appears on satellite TV will in general spotlight on urban zones, where womens status is higher and are indicated driving indulgent ways of life. The country individuals can't connect with those projects and shows. Customization according to provincial needs has as of late started and has been acknowledged even by the urban group. Individuals are getting presented to a lot of mentalities that are progressively libera l, that are increasingly positive toward ladies, and they are adjusting their perspectives in light of that. Change is inescapable. Government has taken activities to begin numerous such projects to produce mindfulness, some ran for quite a long time, others would never come out of papers and the rest shelled after the take off. Barely any undertaking activities were: Task Task Partners Results Nation wide study halls UGC, CEC and 17 different colleges where media focuses are found 10,000 projects created and broadcast on National TV till date School Television in India CIET and 6 state Institutes of Educational Technology Projects created and run on national TV till date Gyan Darshan HRD, IB, Prasar Bharti, IGNOU The program runs 24 hrs and is dealt with by IGNOU Gyan Vani Contacted in reverse networks, inaccessible instruction and advising Namma Dhwani (voices) UNESCO Instructive and improvement situated casual projects Gujarat Community Radio Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan, DMC, Ahmedabad Non-formal training and social issues, esp. for ladies Jhabua Development Communication Program ISOR, GoMP Proficiency, wellbeing and non-formal training, watershed the executives RADIO AS A MEDIUM Radio, as a mass medium, is especially fit to convey in the nearby lingo and phrase, consequently building up an individual association between the supporter and the audience. That has not, be that as it may, been accomplished in India on account of the bureaucratic stranglehold on radio. Improvement, as a procedure intended to enable poor people, diminish abuse, and persecution by those having financial, social, and political force. It likewise implies a fair sharing of assets, improved social insurance and training for all. One of the significant parts and main thrust of provincial improvement is correspondence. Ordinarily, correspondence incorporates electronic media, human correspondence now data innovation (IT). All types of correspondences have overwhelmed the improvement scene wherein its convincing job includes been generally predominant inside the law based political structure of the nation. Convincing correspondence for provincial improvement has been given most noteworthy need for realizing attractive social and conduct change among the most powerless country poor and ladies. At first, the methodology needed sex affectability and compassion of the communicators and improvement specialists who originated from urban world class homes. Added to these limitations is political will that despite everything impacts the pace and progress of rustic turn of events. Correspondence has been seen by an enormous number of advancement organizers as a panacea for taking care of significant social ills and issues. Aside from improvement, the presentation of correspondence in the instructive procedure for open and separation learning is viewed as venture towards improving the nature of training

Effects of Divorce on Childre - Free Essay Example

Effects of Divorce on Children ABSTRACT: With over 50% of marriages today ending in divorce the pressing question is what, if any, kind of effect does this have on children involved under the age of 18. With divorce on the rise, and the rate of divorce increasing 10-fold over the last 100 years this is a question that must be asked. This paper includes the analysis of various websites, articles, and books, even an article 15 years old. This paper will study the research that’s been conducted on the children of broken marriages and study the different factors that play into the success or failure of various age groups and demographics. Research will show the different physical, biosocial, and psychosocial effects and factors of children from marriages and single parent homes. This research will show that there are many different factors that play into the development of children through trying times. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN With divorce rates increasing by more than 10-fold over the past 100 years, there have been countless studies on the effects that these family changes have on children (Furstenberg 1990). Researchers agree that there are indeed consequences to the nuclear family being separated; however, the extent of the aftermath is still debated. Some areas of discussion are: 1. What are the short-term effects of divorce on children? 2. What are the long-term effects of divorce on children? 3. What are the factors that make divorce â€Å"easier† on children? The research conducted here will focus on these three questions, and break the first two questions down into cognitive, biosocial, and psychosocial arenas to examine them further. Are there short-term effects of divorce on children? Short-term effects of divorce in the case of children are probably the most studied because the results are easier to gather for obvious reasons; it’s much harder to study a single individual over the course of years than it is months. Researchers have found plenty of areas that are affected by the splitting of the nuclear family setting. We will classify these findings into cognitive, biosocial, and psychosocial findings. cogniTIve short-term effects Much of the research conducted on divorce and children is inconclusive. On one hand, Amato’s research found that when it comes to cognitive development children who place part of the blame for their parents’ divorce on themselves are more poorly adjusted which lead to the children showings signs of psychosocial issues which will be discussed in detail shortly (Emery and Kelly 2003). Emery and Kelly point out another important part of the cognitive development of children who experience divorce. Their research indicates that most children aren’t informed about the separation the parents are about to partake in which leaves children confused, and with no one to blame (2003). Berger confirms, only 56% of children live with their nuclear family so issues like these are important (2008). Foulkes’ research adds to this topic by explaining that preschoolers’ underdeveloped cognitive ability, and egocentric nature contribute to their guilt when their parents get divorced (2001). This indicates that their understanding could result in â€Å"acting-out† or other negative behavior. From the cognitive standpoint much of the effects depend on age and the current cognitive ability (Foulkes 2001). biosocial short-term effects The biosocial effects are perhaps the easiest to identify. Furstenberg’s research affirms, â€Å"The most obvious effect of divorce is that it typically brings about a sudden reconfiguration of the family (1990). † This reconfiguration usually results in the female gaining custody of the children while the male is left to his own devices. According to Furstenberg’s research this leaves the female at a double disadvantage because not only do they solely bare the responsibility of the children, but also research shows that the male leaves with the highest economic capability (1990). In addition to economic conditions worsening, divorce causes one parent to usually be left out in the children’s lives and so this results in a feeling of parental loss in children (Hughes, 2009). Either of these biosocial situations could lead to socioeconomic situations that are lacking compared to people with two parents in the home. These factors could all contribute to psychosocial issues, which we will discuss now. psychosocial short-term effects Amato’s research concludes that the blunt psychosocial effects that can be measured in the short-term are the effects that come from the initial breaking up (2003). He says, â€Å"The uncoupling process typically sets into motion numerous events that people experience as stressful (2003). † These stressors create an environment where emotional, behavioral, and economic downturns are more likely (Furstenberg 1990). As is the nature of psychosocial diseases effects of divorce are usually more measurable in the long-term. are there long term effects of divorce on children? There are plenty of factors and even personal experiences that tell us why divorce has an impact on children (Hughes 2009). â€Å"Divorce has damaging effects on children that extend long after parental separation. (Laurance 2003). Jayson’s article says, â€Å"My line on this is that most children are not seriously affected by divorce in the long-term, but divorce raises the risk that a child will have problems† so how do all of these things add up? What really are some effects that divorce brings about? cognitive long-term effects Research shows that long-t erm effects do not include self-guilt and blame as early effects show, but rather 80% of college students studies said they believed their parents getting divorced was the right thing (Emery and Kelly 2003). Foulkes says, â€Å"Children of divorced families tend to have long-term adjustment difficulties when there is ongoing conflict between their parents (2001). There are also relational consequences to divorce. Research indicates that children from divorced homes experience less satisfying sex lives, and marriages. From the standpoint of cognitive development, children whose parents got divorced are usually more inclusive (Furstenberg 1990). The Oklahoma Marriage Initiative even concludes that children from â€Å"broken homes† are more likely to end up divorced (n. d. ). The most prevalent long-term effects are biosocial and psychosocial. Biosocial long-term effects Researchers agree that the key risk factor for children coming from divorced homes is poverty (Laurance 2003). This stems from less parental contact, and thus less accessibility to better schools, higher education, and even business relationships (Furstengerg 1990). In relation to the short-term effects, long-term effects include the areas associated with only one parent being involved in the children’s lives: parental loss, support loss, lack of parental competence (Parker n. d. ). In addition to these areas, Furstenberg’s research shows that divorce could lead to earlier marriage, earlier sexual activity, and different views of marriage as compared to those who grew up in a nuclear family (1990). There are also psychosocial factors to divorce. psycosocial long-term effects The psychosocial effects that researchers show to exist in the lives of some victims of divorced families seem to be the most harmful. Psychological damage in the form of depression, personality disorders, and, anti-personality traits are exhibited in some children who experience divorce (Amato 2000). Though these effects may take time to manifest, Furstenberg indicates that these effects rarely last beyond adulthood (1990). One psychological disorder does remain beyond adulthood though, and it leave adult children feeling as if ever since their parents were divorced they had no control over their lives anymore (Kelly and Emery 2003). This leads to people who experience divorce to never really lose that sense of pain when considering the other parent that they â€Å"lost† (Emery and Kelly 2003). Psychosocial long-term effects are the most prevalent, and also the most debated when it comes to divorce and children. What are the factors that make divorce EASIER on children? So what can parents do to negate the effects of divorce? Obviously, not everyone who experiences divorce comes out a psychological wreck, so what went well in these cases? Amato’s research says, â€Å"Protective factors act like shock absorbers and weaken the links between divorce related events and peoples experience of stress†¦ (2000)† What â€Å"shock absorbers can ensure a smooth transition through a divorce situation? Amato’s research suggests that besides the uncontrollable factors such as age, race, and ethnicity other moderating factors include economic welfare, and the ability of the child to build good interpersonal, and intrapersonal relationships (2000). According to Foulkes research other factors include not relying on your child to meet your emotional needs, and not arguing with the other parent in front of the child (2001). In conclusion, research is inconclusive as to who is affected by divorce more, but it seems that the most damage is done to younger children who don’t understand what is going on. There are deficiencies in the research as well as to whether or not the effects seen in these children can be blamed on divorce. In my personal experience with divorce, moderators played a key role in my psychological development. Mostly, the loving support from all of my family and in my case that was all from my mom’s side kept me sane. Even to this day I still have negative feelings toward my father. When it’s all said and done though it’s impossible to predict how children will deal with divorce, because all children will deal with it differently. References Amato, P. R. The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1269-1287. Berger, K. S. (2008). The Developing Person Through the Life Span (7th Edition ed. ). (J. Bayne, Ed. ) New York, NY, USA: WORTH PUBLISHERS. Emery, R. E. Kelly, J. B. Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352-362, Foulkes-Jamison, L. (2001, January 1), The Effects of Divorce on Children, Retrieved from https://cpancf. com/articles_files/efffectsdivorceonchildren. asp Furstenberg, F. F. Jr. Divorce and the American Family. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 379-403. Hughes, R. (2009, April 10), The Effects of Divorce on Children, Retrieved from https://parenting247. org/article. cfm? ContentID=646 Jayson, S. (2008, April 24), Study: Divorce May Not Cause Kids’ Bad Behavior, USA Today. Retrieved from https://www. usatoday. com/news/health/2008-04-24-divorce-kids-behavior_N. htm Laurance, J. (2003, January 24), Divorce ‘Harms Children Long After Separation’, The Independent. Retrieved from https://www. independent. co. uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/divor

Use Of Gmm And Estimate Parameters For Each Sector

BCR use GMM to estimate parameters for each sector in the model. Price rigidities are only significantly different from zero for nondurable goods and services, however the p-value of a Wald test rejects a null hypothesis of homogenous price rigidities across sectors. This result suggests that price rigidity in the service sector alone drives previous estimates of price rigidities based on macroeconomic data. This result is supported by Bils and Klenow (2004) and Baudry et al. (2004) using final good prices in the CPI basket to report heterogeneous price stickiness and longer duration between adjustments for services. Expected durations between price adjustments following Calvo (1983) pricing are nine quarters for services, and as low as†¦show more content†¦- this could explain the variation of price rigidities between macro and micro based studies. BCR analyse impulse response functions to a temporary 1% rise in the growth rate of money supply, after which the level returns to its steady state. This monetary shock has many aggregate dynamics generating a rise in aggregate demand, increasing aggregate output. However the sectoral heterogeneity modelled by BCR produced variations in effects across sectors. Output increases in services and construction are larger than those for durable and nondurable goods. The mechanisms for these results are found to be different by BCR, with monopolistically completive services and durable goods sectors increasing output to meet rising demand. Conversely, increases in construction and nondurable goods output occurs in spite of flexible sector prices, reflecting the demand of other sectors for investment goods following the initial increase in aggregate demand. As investment goods production takes place majoritively in these sectors, the increase in output of both sectors is large. Services is the most labour intensive sector analysed, explaining why it displays the largest increase in real wages, as firms demand more labour from households. The reallocative effect of monetary policy shocks on labour mobility has been noted by Davis and Haltiwanger (2001), with BCR’s results mirroring to some level labour mobility across sectors as seen in US data. A large change in relative prices is also

Repetition in Hemingway’s Short Story Cat in the Rain free essay sample

Repetition in Hemingway’s short story Cat in the Rain Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest American novelists and short-story writers of the 20th century. He cleaned up American prose and made it just simplier and down to earth. At that time this was a particular type of modernism in America. Typical for Hemingway’s prose writing was also the girlish aspect, it was more dark, the meaningless world, that nothing makes sense. In this context Hemingway had the opinion that people think in simple terms and therefore that they think in repetitions. Hemingway also thought in repetitions. To make this clearer, I’m going to show you Hemingway’s use of repetitions in one of his famous works, Cat in the Rain . But first the short story will be summarized in a briefly way. Despite the fact that the short story Cat in the Rain covers only a few minutes, we can get a sufficient insight into the married life of an American couple as the following summary will show. We will write a custom essay sample on Repetition in Hemingway’s Short Story Cat in the Rain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The short story Cat in the Rain is about an American couple that spends their holidays in a hotel in Italy. It is a rainy day and for that reason the two people called â€Å"the Americans† have to stay in their room. While the woman is looking out of the window, she sees a cat in the rain which she definitely wants to protect. When she goes out of the hotel, she passes the old Italian hotel-owner who seems to do everything to please her. As the American woman reaches the yard to fetch the kitty, it already has disappeared. After returning to the hotel room, she starts talking to her husband George, who is lying in bed and reading all the time, about how much she wants to have a cat and a lot more things like longer hair, her own silver to eat with or candles, but her husband only seems to be annoyed and not interested at all by his wife’s moment of distress so that he wants an end to this conversation. At the end of the short story there is a knock on the door and the maid stands there holding a big tortoise-shell-cat in her hands. It is a present from the hotel-owner for the American woman. The greater part of Cat in the Rain is written in a dramatic mode presented as a dialogue (scenic presentation). When we read Hemingway’s short story we don’t know anything about the couples` background or what their every-day-life is like, but this scene makes sure that they have martial problems and that everything between them has become routine, which is best shown by the huge number of repetitions in the text. The man is reading all the time and he is always lying on the bed as it is shown in line 25 â€Å"the husband went on reading, lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed†, lines 66-67 â€Å"George was on the bed reading†, line 70 â€Å"resting his eyes from reading†, line 76 â€Å"George was reading again†, line 95 â€Å"George said from the bed†, line 100 â€Å"he was reading again† and in line 106 â€Å"George was not listening. He was reading his book. † In contrast his wife is either standing or she is always moving from one place to another what we can see in line 17 â€Å"The American wife stood at the window looking out. , line 21 †I’m going down†, line 28 â€Å"The wife went downstairs†, line 29 â€Å"as she passed the office†, line 38 â€Å"she opened the door and looked out†, line 41 â€Å"As she stood in the doorway†, lines 45-46 â€Å"she walked along the gravel path†, line 62 â€Å"As the American girl passed the office†, lines 65-66 â€Å"She went on up the stairs. She opened the door of the room. †, line 77 â€Å"She went over and sat in front of the mirror of the dressing table†, and in line 90 â€Å"She laid the mirror down and went over the window and looked out. †. If we compare this two people, we can find out that the husband is the passive and the wife the active part in this relationship. As a result it seems that the American woman really wants something to be changed; while it seems as if the man doesn’t want any change at all.

Mehmet Egirgen Essay Example

Mehmet Egirgen Essay PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE THE THREE PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH 1. TOPIC SENTENCE: States the main idea of the paragraph. It limits the topic to one specific area that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. It has two parts: a) Topic b) Controlling idea. e. g. Driving on freeways requires skills and alertness. Topic controlling idea Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students. Topic controlling idea Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. Topic controlling idea 2. SUPPORTING SENTENCES: develop the topic sentence. They explain or prove the topic sentence by giving more information about it. e. g. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. 3. CONCLUDING SENTENCE: signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember. e. g. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also its utility. HOW TO WRITE GOOD TOPIC SENTENCES 1. It must be a complete sentence. 2. It must contain both the topic and the controlling idea. 3. A topic sentence is the most general sentence in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It doesn’t give specific details. A reader wants to know generally what to expect in a paragraph, but they don’t want to learn all the details in the first sentence. a) A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster. ______too specific. _____ b) Superstitions have been around forever. ______ too general_______ c) People hold many superstitious beliefs about the moon. ___ best TS______ d) Is made of green cheese. _____ incomplete_____ Now, it’s your turn: a) The history of astronomy is interesting. ___________ b) Ice age people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches ___________ in animal bones. c) For example, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years ago to track the ___________ movements of the sun. d) Ancient people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different___________ ways. ********************************************************* a) It is hard to know which foods are safe to eat nowadays. __________ b) In some large ocean fish, there are high levels of mercury. ___________ c) Undercooked chickens and hamburger may carry E. coli bacteria. ___________ d) Not to mention mad cow disease. ___________ e) Food safety is an important issue. ___________ Writing topic sentences: Read the paragraphs below. The topic sentence of each paragraph has been omitted. Try to write a suitable topic sentence for each paragraph. ______________________________________. In Beijing, China, people own over 7 million bicycles. In cities in Denmark, between 20 and 30 percent of daily trips are made on bicycles. We will write a custom essay sample on Mehmet Egirgen specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mehmet Egirgen specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mehmet Egirgen specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In many Asian cities, bicycle-like vehicles called rickshaws carry between 10 and 20 percent of the goods moved daily. In Africa, the bicycle is the most common means of traveling intermediate distances. In Iran, too, bicycles are the primary means of transportation in such cities as Yazd and Kerman. ____________________________________. The earliest known examples of wheels are from Mesopotamia. It dates from about 3500 to 3000 BC. Wheels were first used in the cart or wagon, pulled by humans or animals. After the invention of the steam engine, wheels were driven by steam. Today, animal-drawn carts re still used in many countries. The horse-drawn chariot appeared in Mesopotamia around 2000 BC. It was later used in Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome, and other ancient civilizations. _________________________________________. Water is often drawn from rivers, lakes, or the ocean for use in factories and power plants. This water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. This small temperature change in the body of water can drive away the fish and other animals that were originally present. It attracts other animals in place of them. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths. ____________________________________. The United Nations (UN) estimates that the world population reached 6 billion in 1999, and is increasing by more than 77 million persons each year. The rate of increase, 1. 3 percent per year, has fallen below the peak rate of 2 percent per year attained by 1970. By the late 2040s, the UN estimates, the growth rate will have fallen to about 0. 64 percent annually. At that time more than 50 countries will experience negative growth. __________________________________________. The worlds heaviest rainfall is about 10,922 mm per year. It occurs in northeastern India. As much as 26,466 mm, or 26 m, of rain have fallen there in one year. Other extreme rainfall records include nearly 1168 mm of rain in one day during a typhoon in Philippines; 304. 8 mm within one hour during a thunderstorm in Missouri; and 62. 7 mm in over a 5-min period in Panama. HOW TO WRITE SUPPORTING SENTENCES The biggest problem in student writing is that student writers often fail to support their ideas adequately. They need to use specific details to be thorough and convincing. There are several kinds of specific supporting details: examples, statistics, and quotations. Sample paragraph: HOW TO WRITE CONCLUDING SENTENCES: A concluding sentence serves two purposes: 1. It signals the end of the paragraph. 2. It leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember. It can do this in two ways: a) By summarizing the main points of the paragraph. b) By repeating the topic sentence in different ways. You may start your concluding sentence with one of those signals: End-of-paragraph signals followed by a comma| End-of-paragraph signals not followed by a comma| Finally, Lastly, In brief, Therefore, Thus, Indeed, To sum up. In conclusion,In short, | The evidence suggests that†¦. There can be no doubt that †¦These examples show that †¦We can see that †¦. | Now it’s your turn. Write concluding sentences for the follwing paragraps: **************************************************************************** Read the two paragraphs below and answer the questions that follow each paragraph: PARAGRAPH 1 To be able to make good coffee, you should be aware of some delicate points. First, it is very important to make sure that the pot in which you want to make coffee is clean. Dust can make your coffee bad. Second, pour some clean water into the pot, and let it boil. When the water boils, remove the pot from the stove and let it remain still for a few seconds. Next, pour some instant coffee into a cup and fill the cup with water from the pot. The Lavazza brand is the best instant coffee on the market. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph? What are the controlling ideas in the topic sentence? Circle them. Are all the supporting sentences related to the topic sentence? Are any of the sentences indirectly related to the topic sentence? Are there any sentences that do not belong? PARAGRAPH 2 An ideal husband has several characteristics. First, he must be gentle. Second, he must come from a respectable family. Moreover, he must be an honest man who always tells the truth and never cheats his wife. Loyalty is another important point in an ideal husband. Finally, he must be in an acceptable financial situation. All girls like to live in their husbands personal house, go to work in their husbands personal car, and have fun with their husbands money. What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph? What are the controlling ideas in the topic sentence? Circle them. Are all the supporting sentences related to the topic sentence? Are any of the sentences indirectly related to the topic sentence? Are there any sentences that dont belong? Why dont they fit? THE OUTLINE The outline gives you a general plan for your paragraph. It will tell you what points you should include in your paragraph. There are two types of outlines: topic outline, and sentence outline. In topic outlines, you use phrases after each head number. In sentence outlines, however, you use complete sentences after each head number. The outline below—the plays of Shakespeare—is a topic outline. As you can see, only words or phrases have been used in this outline. Notice that in writing courses, topic outlines are often preferred over sentence outlines. Developing the skill of outlining is a good help for any beginner. Outlining can give you a general plan, a platform, an emblem, or a blueprint. You can then use your outline to give organization to your paragraphs. Suppose that you are asked to write about Shakespeare. Shakespeare will be the subject of your writing. Now, it is for you to decide what to write about Shakespeare. You may decide to write about the plays of Shakespeare. This will be the topic of your paragraph. You should then narrow this topic by a number of controlling ideas. Suppose that you decide to write about three types of Shakespeares plays. You have limited your topic in terms of number and type. Now you can make the following outline: The plays of Shakespeare I. Tragedies A. Macbeth B. Othello II. Comedies A. The comedy of errors B. The merchant of Venice III. Histories A. Richard II B. Henry V This outline can then be expanded into the following paragraph: The plays of Shakespeare can be classified into three types. First, there are the tragedies. Two of his most famous tragedies are Macbeth and Othello. Shakespeare has also written a number of comedies. Shakespeares most outstanding comedies are The comedy of errors and The merchant of Venice. Moreover, some of Shakespeares plays focus on history. Richard II and Henry V belong in this category. EXERCISE 1. Read the following paragraph carefully, and: 1. Underline the topic. 2. Circle the controlling ideas. . Write an outline for the paragraph. Forests may be divided into the following six general types. First, there are the forests of the hot areas. The famous subtypes are the forests of the northern hemisphere and the oceanic forests. Second, monsoon forests are characteristic of Bengal, Myanmar, Southeast Asia, and India. Tropical forests, on the other hand, are found in regions such as the Campos of Brazil. The next ca tegory—Northern pine forests—form a worldwide belt around the earth. Next, rain forests are characteristic of central Africa and the Amazon. Finally, evergreen forests are found in North America and the Caribbean islands. 2. Write a unified paragraph on the basis of the information you get from the following outline. Types of trees I. Fruit trees A. Fleshy fruits 1. Orange 2. Apple B. Dry fruits 1. Nuts 2. Almond II. Fruitless tress A. Pine B. Oak STEPS OF WRITING A GOOD PARAGRAPH On the whole, there are eight steps for writing a good paragraph. 1. Think about the subject carefully. Example: Air pollution 2. Narrow the subject to a few topics. Example: Causes of air pollution Effects of air pollution Air pollution and the environment Air pollution versus water pollution The history of air pollution Air pollution and global warming 3. Choose one of the topics. Make sure you know about what you write. Also, make sure the topic will be of interest to the readers. Example: effects of Air pollution 4. List some details about your topic. Example: Effects of air pollution on animal life Effects of air pollution on plant life Effects of air pollution on human health Effects of air pollution on atmosphere 5. Choose the most important detail you want to communicate. It should be interesting or important to the readers too. Example: The effects of air pollution on human health 6. Write a topic sentence based on this detail. Include a few controlling ideas in the topic sentence to limit the size of your paragraph. Example: Air pollution has two major effects on human health. 7. Make an outline for the paragraph. Effects of air pollution on human health I. Physical effects A. Heart attack B. Lung cancer II. Psychological effects A. Depression B. irritation 8. Write your paragraph, using the information you have listed in the outline. EXERCISE 1. Choose one of the following subjects: coin airplane shark sea . Follow the eight steps of paragraph writing and develop a paragraph. Then read your own paragraph and try to answer these questions: 1. Is my paragraph unified? 2. Is it complete? 3. Which sentence is the most general? 4. Which sentences provide specific details to support the topic sentence? 5. Are any sentences unrelated to the topic sentence? 6. Is my paragraph sketchy? 7. What are the controlling ideas of my topic sentence? 8. Is my paragraph interesting? 9. Are my supporting sentences related to my topic sentence? 10. Is there any irrelevant supporting sentence in my paragraph?

Filipino Voting Pattern Essays

Filipino Voting Pattern Essays Filipino Voting Pattern Essay Filipino Voting Pattern Essay THE CAMPAIGN First World techniques, Third World setting The Philippines uses state-of-the-art campaign techniques, but its elections are taking place in a political culture that is pre-modern and oriented toward the family. BY LUZ RIMBAN SATURDAY, JANUARY 3RD, 2004 | Filipino politicians use the latest campaign techniques, but still look upon voters as mendicants. | | | ADVERTISING  guru Reli German tells the story of the time he was tapped to produce commercials and jingles for then candidate Ferdinand Marcos’s 1965 presidential bid. The campaign was more of a family venture with no less than Marcos’s wife Imelda herself directing the troops. She would drop by German’s office to look over campaign materials and listen to the jingles being prepared for her husband’s campaign. â€Å"It was more of Imelda that we were dealing with directly for the campaign in 1965,† German recalls. One night Imelda summoned German and his production team to the Marcos home in San Juan, where they were led to her bedroom, which had a closet full of shoeboxes. The group, a team of professional advertising people, did not know exactly what they were doing in Imelda’s boudoir, but the mystery was soon revealed. German remembers that â€Å"she took three shoeboxes and the boxes were offered to us, and they were full of money! † With that, the campaign production team was paid, and paid handsomely. German’s story does not only provide insights on the other uses Imelda made of her shoes (or, more precisely, the boxes they had come in). : It also tells us that advertising professionals had been involved in Philippine election campaigns as far back as 1965, when radio was reaching its peak and television, just beginning to make a dent in Filipinos’ consciousness. Then and now, however, professionals like German are relegated to the background, hidden members of the campaign team who are traditionally composed of the candidate’s trusted family members. Campaign professionals, though, have actually been around longer than that. Soon after the United States introduced elections in the Philippines, the country’s former colonizer also exported to the islands U. S. -style campaigning. This included the use of the mass media to create and manipulate public images, the hiring of public relations and advertising professionals, and later, the employment of sophisticated tools like campaign research and polling. Candidates like Manuel Quezon, Ramon Magsaysay, and Ferdinand Marcos were sold to voters partly through images crafted by experts and peddled to the public through newspapers, radio, and later, television. At least in terms of elections, the Philippines is not the laggard of Asia, but perhaps the first country in the region that has mastered the use of first-world election techniques. | The first national-level Philippine elections were held in 1907. Photo shows voters reading campaign posters issued for that election. | | | But it isn’t easy applying first-world election know-how to a third-world political setting. Despite what appear to be advanced campaign methods, the Philippines is still basically a feudal society where the family lords over political life. And with the weakening of political parties - alongside the weakening of other institutions in society - the family has remained the country’s basic political organization. This feudal, family-oriented base is one of the factors that stunts the growth of political-campaign professionals. Four decades after Imelda Marcos successfully steered her husband to power, Philippine campaigns are still far from being well-oiled political projects run by professionals. In the Philippine setting, a political campaign machine - especially one designed for a presidential candidate - can be a complex structure with various compartmentalized sub-groupings. The professionals would be embedded somewhere within, a silent and unknown minority who bow to tacticians and campaign operators. These tacticians and operators, in turn, are usually members and friends of a political clan. It isn’t altogether surprising that a campaign can still look like a mom-and-pop affair with the candidate’s wife as campaign manager, the husband a fundraiser, and all sorts of hangers-on filling the backroom. There is a difference in this year’s election, however. It is the first presidential election in decades in which political advertisements will be allowed. It is the first time that the power of media in general - and television in particular - may determine who wins. At no other time in the nation’s history will candidates be sold like soap and toothpaste because 40 million voters will be relying on little more than visibility and image to make their choices. More than ever before, candidates and their campaign machineries will now need to use the media specialists, campaign managers, and assorted professionals to make themselves known to the public, and through whatever means available. By passing the law lifting the ban on political advertisements, â€Å"Congress was in fact saying there’s another way of winning,† says political consultant Malou Tiquia. And part of the message to candidates may be that there could be more room for the pros. For some candidates, this may be a welcome development, since it may mean more effective campaigns, i. e. more votes. But it may not necessarily be good news for the public. As U. S. political scientist Dan Nimmo points out in his book,  The Political Persuaders, hiring professionals may just mean more sophisticated manipulation. Without question,† says Nimmo, â€Å"the new technology introduces not only the possibility but indeed the likelihood of systematic deception in electoral politics. † More and more, candidates will be seen in images and settings that do not really reflect who they really are and what they are going to do once elected to office. With more professional sleight of hand at work, the public may have a harder time distinguishing fact from fiction, especially when they remain unaware that experts now have more say in the show. IN THE  so-called mature democracies of the West, there are experts for every task in a campaign. In the United States, the election industry is huge, manned by a wide range of specialists including campaign managers, political consultants, public relations people, speechwriters, audio-visual experts, and fundraisers. They operate by a set of rules and design campaign strategies based on scientifically obtained data provided by another component of that growing industry: the profession of campaign research that includes not only pollsters but also psychologists and behavioral experts. | President Quezon addresses a crowd. | | | That is not the case in the Philippines. For starters, there are very few such professionals in the country. For example, there are only two or three reputable independent polling agencies in the Philippines. Image specialists, political consultants, and campaign managers are also hard to find. Two years ago, an organization called the Association of Political Consultants of Asia was formed, bringing together political technicians aiming to transform political consultancy and campaigning from craft to science. Still, quips one political consultant: â€Å"It’s easier to find a cardiologist who can do open heart surgery than to find a good spin master. † That is partly why families and friends remain the captains of Philippine political campaigns. Fernando Poe Jr. ’s campaign machinery, for instance, is packed with his siblings and supporters in the entertainment world. Brother Conrad Poe handles logistics, sister Elizabeth Poe is the official scheduler, while erstwhile comedian and Senator Tito Sotto is the campaign manager. Even actors Rez Cortes and Richard Gomez have been assigned parts to play in the campaign, as has Poe’s swarm of stuntmen-friends who dabble as spokespersons, rallyists, and even act as Poe’s security cordon. On that point, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo isn’t far behind. Her brother Diosdado ‘Buboy’ Macapagal Jr. s her campaign manager and fundraiser. First Gentleman Mike Arroyo is in the thick of her campaign, too, even if just last year, he had gotten embroiled in a scandal that portrayed him as using an alias to stash away millions of pesos of surplus campaign funds from his wife’s 1998 vice-presidential bid. Of course, a family-run campaign does not necessarily translate into an inefficient and ineffective venture. The most politically experienced clans have even elevated political campaigning to an art, and have over time mastered how to best maximize manpower, resources, and connections. Elite families are especially skilled at this, putting the charismatic and media-savvy members at the frontlines, assigning the crafty and the cunning to the management side, and mobilizing the clan and its network for other tasks in the campaign, including recruiting campaigners, poll watchers, goons, bodyguards - even hitmen, if need be. But with this election promising more pros, campaigns are bound to be slicker than ever. There is, for instance, the advertising agency Campaigns and Grey and its stable of image specialists working for presidential candidate Raul Roco. There will also be groups like Tiquia’s Publicus Ltd. , a political consultancy firm that provides campaign services to senatorial and local candidates. There is even the television production team TAPE Productions - which puts out programs like the noontime variety show â€Å"Eat Bulaga! † - acting as image makers for Fernando Poe Jr. Most of these professionals, though, remain in the background. â€Å"It’s an underground industry-most of these people don’t carry calling cards, don’t introduce themselves, don’t appear at press conferences, don’t advertise their services,† says a political consultant. They get hired by referral and by word of mouth. The really good ones are overloaded with clients and forced to turn down others. † For this article, they refused to be identified. â€Å"You let the spotlight fall only on your principal,† this political consultant adds. Another one says, â€Å"The pros are often rel egated to the backroom, or they don’t have the stature to face the public. † â€Å"Undocumented experts,† is how yet another political consultant describes himself and his peers. The secrecy is understandable. Most of them have day jobs, either as reporters, columnists, businessmen, advertising executives, legislative staff, or civil servants. Elections and political campaigns don’t come that often and cannot be a stable source of livelihood, which is why most political professionals consider themselves â€Å"political sacadas† or sharecroppers whose work is seasonal. Besides, in the professions where they officially belong, moonlighting for politicians is an ethical taboo. Journalists working as public relations practitioners or political consultants would be violating the rules on independence, impartiality, and conflict of interest. Some advertising agencies even insist that they have no history or record of involvement in political campaigns. Yet as far back as 1965, the presidential campaign was already a battle of the ad agency executives. | Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos display their affection for each other during their heyday. | | | For that particular campaign, adman Billy Esposo writes in a recent column, Marcos hired Proctor and Gamble’s creative team, which was composed of, among others, Miniong Ordonez, now of Jimenez Basic Advertising. Reli German was part of that team. On the other side of the fence, says Esposo, Diosdado Macapagal’s â€Å"image team was headed by the late Fenny Hechanova, himself a former adman from a pioneering agency called Philprom. † When Marcos ran for reelection four years later, Esposo continues, he got Greg Garcia, who eventually headed the prominent ad agency Hemisphere-Leo Burnett. Greg Garcia, now retired but still part owner of Leo Burnett, is the chief image handler of Senator Panfilo Lacson. The reticence of many professionals in admitting their political work stems from the stigma it apparently carries. Political campaigning is often viewed as an illicit undertaking. Players are perceived to ink deals and engage in dirty tricks and special operations that can go from wooing special interest groups and thinking up a candidate’s position on issues, to peddling propaganda, buying the media, and negotiating for votes with local party leaders. But much of the bad name suffered by political professionals has also been blamed on Marcos. After he declared martial law in 1972 and abolished elections, the political pros’ skills and talents were put to use only to promote his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (the only active political party at that time) or push his New Society. It was a situation that didn’t allow skilled political organizers to thrive and develop a profession called campaign management or political consultancy. Although the Development Academy of the Philippines and the Department of Interior and Local Government became training grounds where political managers could hone their skills managing political organizations, all their work was still for Marcos’s benefit. The only other option was to escape the system and cross over to activist organizations or the underground Left, such as the National Democratic Front (NDF) or the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). Today’s top party and campaign people, in fact, trace their roots to these diverse beginnings: Lakas’s Gabriel Claudio and Ronaldo Puno were products of the DILG, while Horacio ‘Boy’ Morales and Rigoberto Tiglao, came from the leftist movement. PERHAPS  the unsuspecting public should be thankful that the country still has a relatively tiny community of campaign management experts, resulting in often-chaotic campaigns that either reveal more than the candidate wants the public to know, or reveal so little that the voters are left annoyed. In truth, present Philippine campaigns are quite like those in the United States were more than 100 years ago. In The Political Persuaders, which was published in 1970, Nimmo writes, â€Å"A century ago, candidates relied on their wits, their friends, and a few trusted allies to mount a campaign for office. Few men specialized in selling political advice. The campaign specialists of that day were primarily party politicians. † | Joseph Estrada is mobbed by adoring crowds during his 1998 campaign. | | | According to Nimmo, the campaign management industry is a â€Å"direct descendant of the public-relations profession† that became popular in the 1920s. That was when U. S. capitalists were under attack by consumers who were reading in newspapers about unsavory business practices. Countering such criticism required a specialist who could proclaim the good side of U. S. industry. Thus was born the PR agent. â€Å"In the process,† Nimmo continues, these PR people â€Å"made increasingly adroit use of the means of mass communication; the result was the burgeoning field of mass advertising. It would not be long before public relations and mass advertising would cross over to the world of politics, especially with the rise of television, and give birth to a profession that proclaims the good side of political candidates. Nimmo recounts that election campaigns soon became a battle for public exposure. That battle, however, hasn’t been easily fought and won. Many other things compete for the voters’ attention, and candidates need people who are masters not only at constructing the candidate’s message and image, but also at sending these in the most effective way that will make full use of manpower, time, and limited resources. In short, campaigns need strategies. The U. S. -trained Tiquia, formerly a legislative staff member in the Philippine and U. S. Congresses, defines the ingredients that make for a good campaign strategy. These are listed in a book entitled Campaign Politics: defining the voting population being targeted, creating the message to be communicated, managing resources, timing, and tactics. Tactics include direct voter contact such as campaign events, rallies, and even door-to-door campaigning, and indirect tactics like media advertisements, billboards, and campaign paraphernalia. Having a professional campaign team to implement the strategy is another necessity. The team is supposed to put order into the traditionally topsy-turvy exercises called campaigns. In this country, however, third-world realities can get in the way. For instance, Tiquia says, there are times when a candidate hires a professional campaign team that may find itself clashing with family members, or with yet another professional team working for the same politician. Problems like these only slow down the campaign. Campaign Politics also advises politicians to plot their moves way in advance, get their hands on the best people before the competition beats them to it, and plan carefully how resources are to be spent. But there’s that manana habit of the Filipino-his penchant for not planning ahead and waiting till the last minute-which can wreak havoc on the campaign in many ways. As examples, Tiquia cites candidates who are buying TV spots only now, and are finding out that there are none available because an enterprising agency had purchased all that was left months ago. It is now selling these â€Å"on the secondary market† at much higher rates. There were, however, a few who bought spots early, and at rates that were far, far cheaper. Among the more visible swift-footed ones are presidential candidate Raul Roco and Panfilo Lacson, whose ads had been airing regularly since the campaign started, and senatorial candidate Mar Roxas. As if operating in such a third-world conditions weren’t enough, political professionals in the Philippines also have to deal with obsessive-compulsive candidates who try to control the campaign every step of the way. Among the cardinal rules for campaigns, says one of the political consultants interviewed for this piece, is that â€Å"a candidate cannot think and campaign at the same time; a candidate shouldn’t handle his or her own campaign. † But most candidates refuse to leave things to the experts. Despite the enormity of her duties as president and candidate, Gloria Arroyo still decides where her campaigns sorties will go, political consultants say. Even members of her campaign still cannot fathom why she chose to launch her presidential bid in the hills of Cavinti, Laguna. Observers could only guess that  feng shui  might have had something to do with it; taking the team to high ground probably bodes good luck, they said. But after Cavinti, the president went north, leaving observers still trying to discern a pattern in her campaigning - if there was really any at all. One consultant, though, says, â€Å"Look at the route she has taken, and you’ll see that it’s like she’s drawing the number eight on the map-she goes up, she goes down, forward, then backward. † Poe is said to be no different, at least as far as his political rallies are concerned. Remember that he’s a movie director, so he wants to have a say in how his rallies are produced,† says a political professional. But the king of Philippine movies is also a political neophyte, which has unfortunately resulted in Poe being kept in an artificial world where everything is stage-managed. Hence, every interview, every appearance has to be scripted. And h aving written lines for scripts, Poe tends to have a say in how his campaign is managed. â€Å"The best candidate surrenders himself to his handlers,† says another political consultant. And if there was one who embodied this, it was Joseph ‘Erap’ Estrada in 1998. Erap was a good follower in the sense that when you said the schedule was like this, even if it was so hot or he was already dead tired, he would still follow the schedule to the letter,† says Lito Banayo, who was on Estrada’s 1998 campaign team, and is now on Lacson’s. â€Å"That’s why he was a joy to handle. Perhaps because he was an actor, he was used to having a call time, he had to be on the set at this certain time. He (carried that) discipline in the campaign. † But another plus factor in the Estrada campaign was its near-perfect machinery, which was due to a generous influx of funds. Ample funds and resources make a large part of a successful campaign. Reli German even says, â€Å"The three most important things (in a campaign) are money, money, and money. † The Estrada campaign in 1998 had that in huge quantities. Recalls Banayo: â€Å"There were really a lot of people who helped in that campaign by way of cash as well as material donations. † A feature of Estrada’s campaign sorties, for instance, were the motorcades and caravans where Estrada would appear beside his showbiz friends Poe and Nora Aunor, and they would then toss candies to the crowd. Banayo says they never ran out of candies because the supplies just kept coming. Banayo explains the â€Å"symbiotic relationship† of campaign elements: â€Å"Once the perception or image of a candidate improves, the survey results become stacked in his or her favor, the numbers go up, the resources will pour in accordingly. † Making the candidate more visible, his image more winnable, translates into more campaign contributors. Traditionally, political consultants say, donors such as Filipino-Chinese businesspeople who put in large sums of money into election campaign, initially give equal amounts to all candidates. The money reportedly starts getting bigger only by April, when donors have a clearer idea who among the candidates is pulling away from the pack, and likely to lead the race. But Tiquia laments how fundraising, like the other aspects, remains a hidden but very important facet of Philippine campaigns. Candidates do not, in the course of the campaign, reveal who their funders are, and methods for raising funds are not always above board. In the United States, Tiquia notes, fundraising is a profession. Professional fundraisers’ methods include organizing events or dinners, or sending out mail asking supporters to contribute to the campaign kitty. There are limits to the amounts supporters can donate. In this country, it is the field of contributors that is limited. The money comes mostly from Filipino-Chinese businesspeople; the bigger players are the likes of Lucio Tan and Eduardo Cojuangco, whose hearts, minds, and pocket the candidates have to compete for. In exchange, candidates promise them the moon, the stars, and even a piece of the economy. And now to lure them - and the voters - candidates are tapping political professionals. The irony is that takes a lot of money as well. Nimmo notes, â€Å"The professionals are for hire, but at very high prices. Fewer and fewer politicians can afford the costs of candidacy†¦. In an age when less affluent members of society are already disillusioned with a political arrangement which they perceive are shutting them out, it will hardly produce harmony to request that they play by the rules of an electoral game they cannot afford to enter. Source: http://pcij. org/stories/first-world-techniques-third-world-setting/ Voters Harder To Fool With Empty Promises by Kathleen A. Martin, ABS-CBNnews. com Posted at 01/17/2013 11:22 AM | Updated as of 01/17/2013 11:22 AM MANILA, Philippines Aspiring politicians will need more than a catchy jingle and an empty promise to capture the hearts of Filipino masses, advertisers said. Yoly Ong, group chairperson at Campaigns and Grey, said that ba sed on various focus group discussions, Filipinos are more selective when voting for candidates. They (the masses) actually say, peke yan e, because the promises are different from what the politicians actually do, Ong told ANCs Inside Business. In fact, Ive come to the conclusion that its harder to fool the masses today, Ong continued. Ong is behind President Benigno Aquino IIIs successful campaign in 2010, and the brains behind the catchy Pag walang corrupt, walang mahirap slogan. They (Filipino voters) have very different behaviors toward candidates. For presidential candidates, they dont want the jingles. What they want to know is what the guy is going to do to improve their quality of life, Ong said. But for the senatorial candidates, I guess its more of remembering who to vote for because theres 12 people you need to choose, Ong noted. Ong believes that for the national elections, the air war or the television and radio will be the primary venues for warring candidates. But lo cal candidates such as congressmen and mayors will still need to battle it out retail-elections style, or going from house to house. Consultant Greg Garcia concurs with Ong, but stressed the role of television in political campaigns has dramatically changed over the years. If youre not on TV, dont even think about running for national office because the penetration of TV is just fantastic, Garcia said. I always advise clients that 80% of their money should go into media, and 80% of that 80% should go to television. Television is the only way to communicate to as many people as you can in the shortest amount of time, he added. Garcia is the man behind Vice President Jejomar Binays successful 2010 bid. Garcia said Binays narrative of Ganito kami sa Makati, sana ganito din sa buong bayan was the secret behind the vice presidents win. The campaign for the vice president was really right on and I think every candidate must have a narrative to win, Garcia said. Its not just about name rec all, whats important is recalling the candidates narrative, he stressed. Source: abs-cbnnews. com/-depth/01/17/13/voters-harder-fool-empty-promises Philippine Elections Will Stop Being A Sham When Voters Wisen Up By: Ilda, November 9, 2012 Poor Filipinos. We can only stand back and watch in awe at how the Americans conduct their successful Presidential election. Less than a day after the US Presidential election, the winner could be declared without a hitch and without much contention from the losing candidate. Months of campaigning from both candidates come to an abrupt halt as soon as the winner is announced. It is back to work for everyone in the White House. The ease with which the US election sailed by so smoothly is not even because they have a computerized voting system. For many decades, US elections have always come and gone with hardly any drama. It’s just another walk in the park for people who follow a system that works. In relative terms, there’s hardly any cheating that would cause the sorts of delays that could put entire institutions in doubt. In contrast, even the Philippines’ very first computerized election in 2010 was fraught with allegations of fraudulent activities as reported by some of the members of the local and international community who participated and observed the election. As mentioned in my previous article immediately after the 2010 election, foreign observers concluded that there was massive cheating involved in the first ever-automated Presidential election. Apart from the problems encountered with the machines, there were other elements whose presence was questionable considering they should not have been in the polling stations in the first place. Observers witnessed a chaotic scene with strong military presence and lots of instances of intimidation in and around the polling stations. One international observer who was assigned at the Pampanga and Tarlac region even specifically mentioned that intimidation was rampant in Hacienda Luisita, the hometown of President Benigno Simeon â€Å"BS† Aquino. These were observations made by outsiders who are completely unbiased. It is incomprehensible why our public officials allow these things to happen. This is why until now there are still some people who question the legitimacy of President BS Aquino’s win. The following is a summary of their observation all throughout the country: Serious and systematic irregularities: Vote buying People lining up outside the candidate’s house waiting to receive cash or goods There was no privacy in the polling stations People could see what the voter is writing The ballot sheet could not be folded to cover the information There were voters who were not stamped with indelible ink There were voters who were stamped with ink before voting There were people taking pictures and videos of voters for intimidation purposes Police and military presence was strong. Despite reports of massive election fraud, majority of Filipinos don’t seem inclined to do or don’t even want to know anything about them. The Commissions on Elections (Comelec) and President BS Aquino’s media cohorts were quick to declare the election a success. They wanted everyone to think that the first automated voting system delivered as expected and that Aquino’s win was a decisive one. Unfortunately, we will never know the truth. Filipinos will always be in the dark as to what truly happened because they chose to ignore boring details. Filipinos have this tendency to just listen to what the Philippine media is telling them. The Filipino people’s preference for turning a blind eye to impropriety is what’s preventing our country from moving forward. It is turning the Philippines into a nation of cheaters. The irony is that we cry foul after a bad deed is done but we ignore the deed as it transpires. It seems we don’t want the inconvenience of having to deal with the fallout of reporting a crime in progress. We don’t even have protection for whistleblowers. Instead of commending people for their bravery in coming forward, Filipinos turn against the whistleblowers, making them look like they are making mountains out of molehills. People who are seen supporting the whistleblowers are considered â€Å"sore losers†. This discourages people from doing the right thing. Vigilance against crime is what will actually foster an environment of trust in our society. If we know that illegal activities are not tolerated, we can be assured that people will be honest with their day-to-day activities. Sadly, we shun people who go out on a limb to expose corruption or any form of malpractice, but what we need to do is to help promote a society in which it is possible to speak out without reprisal about corruption, dangers to the public and environment, and other vital social issues. Until we change the way we think and do things collectively as a people, we will never have a smooth election like the Americans. Here are some of the lessons I learned during the 2010 election that could help us in the 2013 Senatorial election and even the 2016 Presidential election: 1. Campaign platforms No one comes up with a credible platform during elections because voters don’t care about platforms. They cared about Noynoy’s love life and what he does in his spare time. Voters were also smitten with the â€Å"Aquino Legacy† and are convinced that Noynoy will continue whatever it is they think that Ninoy or Cory could have achieved but for whatever reason did not. The voters don’t even have a clue what a platform is. You have to wonder now how they plan to evaluate how Noynoy sticks to his campaign promises during his term of office. Lesson learned: Most Filipino voters are star-struck ignoramuses. If you want to run for the presidency in 2016, get an image makeover or try to appear â€Å"good† and â€Å"humble†. 2. Surveys and Polling firms Some Filipinos were dumb enough to think that if a candidate is popular, it means that he should be voted in as president. The fact of the matter is, candidates with a lot funds can hire polling firms and publish reports when it is favorable to them. It was also reported that polling firms conducting the surveys in 2010 were closely linked to the presidential candidate leading the polls. Likewise, despite the number of candidates allowed to run, people were actually just choosing between two candidates. Lesson learned: Next election, call for more transparency around poll survey questionnaires; clamor for more polling firms to conduct surveys and be vigilant and critical of Media’s interpretation of the poll results. 3. Media Bias Noynoy Aquino was given more exposure by prominent media outlets like thePhilippine Daily Inquirer  during the campaign period. It didn’t matter how trivial the news was; Noynoy Aquino was always on the front page. Broadcast networks such as ABS-CBN also helped expose Noynoy to the masa through shows that flagged the â€Å"Aquino Legacy†. Lesson learned: Media outlets owned and operated by members of the Philippine oligarchy will give more exposure to whoever presidential candidate offers concessions they can benefit from. 4. Religious endorsements A week before Election Day, the leader of Iglesia ni Cristo announced that they will be endorsing presidential candidate Noynoy Aquino. It has been said that this religious group actually waits for the last minute before announcing their endorsement because they want to ensure that whoever they endorse actually wins - presumably with the aim of making a few deals with the president once in office. It was also said that Noynoy’s party was secretly courting that leader’s guarantee that the INC votes will be in their favor. Lesson learned: The endorsement of religious leaders depends on which candidate is popular; religious leaders can make or break a presidential aspirant; Filipinos will vote for whoever their religious leaders instruct them to vote for. . Election Day thugs and vote buying It seems that all of the above exercise with the possible exception of item number four will have no bearing on Election Day to the majority of voters because of the presence of thugs in the polling stations. As previously mentioned, police and military personnel who have no business being in polling stations and who are under the payroll of candidates, hang around to intimidate voters. If the Police and the military themselves are involved in this illegal behavior, to whom can the voters report the irregularity to? The illegal activity called vote buying involves the buyer and the seller. They both are accountable for their actions. In this case, both parties won’t be willing to report each other because they both benefit from the activity. Unfortunately, the voter who sells his vote will only benefit in the short term. Lesson learned: As long as irregularities like this happens on Election Day, any efforts at educating the voters will just go down the drain. 6. Automated Machines It turns out that automated machines are not foolproof. Reports abound of machines malfunctioning, machines found kept in someone’s shed, the discrepancies in time lapsed, and allegations of malicious software installed in the machine itself. Lesson learned: Filipinos cannot be trusted with both manual and automated election. Filipinos are very resourceful at finding a way to cheat. Lastly, here is the bottom-line: Filipinos are ultimately to blame for allowing fraudulent activities to happen. Politicians will keep trying to get away with cheating but it is up to us to decide if we will let them. Source: http://getrealphilippines. om/blog/2012/11/philippine-elections-will-stop-being-a-sham-when-voters-wisen-up/ 2013 Mix-And-Match Voting By  Ramon Casiple, Mon, Jan 7, 2013 The weak political party system in the Philippines can be seen in the way voters will vote in the 2013 national and local elections. A cursory study of the voting patterns in the past elections showed that voters vote for a candidate on various grounds, among th em their personal relationship to the candidate, a candidate’s popularity (not necessarily in politics), endorsement by respected persons, and, of course, what the candidate stands for in relation to voters’ own. Nowhere in this list is a voter’s recognition of the candidate’s political party platform and program. The candidate, in this sense, sells himself, not the party. A tacit recognition of this can be seen in the way candidates and political parties present themselves to the voters. In streamers and billboards, the face and name of the candidate stands out compared to the party. Even in the party-list system- where the party-list groups are the ones to be electedit has become more advantageous to present faces of their nominees in addition to the group names. The result is mix-and-match voting by individual voters. Rarely do they vote straight for a party’s candidates. Source: http://ph. news. yahoo. com/blogs/communityvoices/2013-mix-and-match-voting-130754846. html Everything I Need To Know About Improving The Outcome Of Philippine Elections I Learned In Kindergarten By: benign0, February 25, 2013 Campaign platforms You’d think that the call for platforms is so new this year considering how much of the mainstream has now taken up the cudgels of beating this concept into the tiny skulls of the Filipino voters. Yet only just four years ago, the idea of demanding platforms from candidates making their pitch to voters was so exotic. So exotic it was that I  wrote a piece  back in mid-2009 outlining the basic how-to’s of developing a campaign platform. As evident in what I wrote there, â€Å"If we are to expect Filipinos to courageously rally around a serious effort to become a better country in the foreseeable future, it would help to see a leader who has it clear in his or her mind how to get us from A to B. † it is obvious that the concept back then was quite new. The call for platforms rose to a crescendo as the presidential campaign leading to the 2010 elections marched on. But as it became more apparent that the then front-running candidate, Benigno Simeon â€Å"BS† Aquino III lacked one, had no inclination of producing one, and was happy enough to run entirely on the back of his family pedigree, many folk who had by then drank enough of BS Aquino’s Yellowist Kool Aid were loudly extolling the irrelevance of revealing clear governance platforms during an election campaign. Instead, what to them was BS Aquino’s qualification to lead the country was his  perceived  honesty, integrity, and lack of a track record of corrupt practices. Funny how the most important lessons are learnt after the disaster had already wrought havoc. BS Aquino is now President of the Philippines and the very same bozos who thought platforms were not  that  important are now parroting what we had been saying back in 2009. Voter education In the lead up to and then in the aftermath of the 1986 EDSA people power â€Å"revolution†, the idea that in â€Å"freedom† lies the singular key to Philippine prosperity became deeply-ingrained in the Filipino psyche. It was all about freedom, and a blanket of demagoguery built around this simpleton’s message descended upon and enveloped the Philippine National â€Å"Debate† in the subsequent 27 years. The Vote - the â€Å"freedom† to choose one’s leaders - guaranteed that the  right  ones would be elevated to office as the prevailing thinking went. This was, the activists insisted, the â€Å"power† that the Filipino people â€Å"regained† after the 1986 â€Å"revolution†. But then as one bozo after another got elected into office since 1986, it became quite clear that the erstwhile thought leaders of the time simply gave Filipino voters too much credit. It turns out they were really not that smart after all. Freedom in the hands of the Filipino voter was like a blowtorch in the hands of a two-year-old. And so the idea of â€Å"educating† Filipino voters came about. The thing with â€Å"voter education† is that it is really not that complicated. It comes down to something most normal people learned in kindergarten - that we are ultimately all accountable to ourselves for the decisions we made in the past. In a society renowned for a collective faculty for thinking that is stunted by amnesia and voodoo logic, â€Å"voter education† should start with a re-visit of these kindergarten basics; that being accountable as a â€Å"voter† encompasses a system of three key acts of responsibility: (a) Select the right leaders; b) Use the system to hold them accountable; and, (c) Hold ourselves accountable for the quality of the leaders we choose using the system. A lot of the focus of this year’s â€Å"voter education† activist fad is on just the first one,  selecting the right leaders. The harder part of the equation - keeping politicians on their toes  in between elections  is where the  real  deal lies. Unfo rtunately Filipinos are simply not up to delivering their part of the deal in between fiestas. And so politicians gravitate to the same old buffoonery†¦ Grandstanding politicians The reason Filipino politicians are so at liberty to make big, lofty, colourful, noisy, but  hollow  promises during election campaigns is because the Filipino voter simply drops the ball once the fiesta is over. Because Filipino voters simply fail to  use the system to hold them accountable  as a matter of routine in between elections and utterly lack an ethic of  holding themselves accountable for the quality of the leaders they choose  during those fiestas, Philippine politics is a con man’s wet dream. You only need a lousy product and a million suckers to make a lot of money in business. And Philippine politics is, indeed, good business. And so we come to†¦ The role of social media in Philippine politics In a recently-concluded â€Å"convention† that saw one of the current crop of â€Å"thought leaders† after another pontificate about what such a  kewwwlllthing social media is, we learned that social media is unprecedented in the way it†¦ breaks traditional commuinication barriers; serves as a platform for unfiltered egalitarian â€Å"dialogue†; elevates â€Å"political discourse† by; providing a more â€Å"inclusive† discussion community; and, prompts - and demands - quick response from its participants. Yadda, yadda, yadda. In short (cutting through all the fad jargon), social media  transmits  andamplifies  the â€Å"voice of the people† at an unprecedented scale and efficiency so that every schmoe and her dog has a crack at the proverbial bullhorn once wielded by only the most powerful and influential people. Sounds nice -   on paper. The thing with participating in social media chatter is that it is really a form of high-tech Chinese whispers. The Twitter â€Å"retweet† and the Facebook â€Å"share† functions are the 21st Century facilitators of this game - and it is now a game played on a vast scale. Communication engineers will point out that the principle of signal degradation as data is transmitted, relayed, and re-amplified a number of times as transmission distance increases over a channel is the same as the way hearsay information is perverted in a typical Chinese whispers game. Human debate unfortunately remains  analog, so the advent of social media - the  digital intermediary  in the propagation of this â€Å"debate† - merely served as a more efficient way to  accurately  spread low-quality information. With every digital factoid passing through Filipino brains in between retweets, the signal progressively  degrades  into noise. We see this degradation in  signal-to-noise  ratios everyday - when we make photocopies  of photocopies  and make photocopies of  those  photocopies, the quality of the copy worsens as the number of copies increase. Enlarge one of these nth-generation copies and you will come up with a really bad image. In the same way, amplify and transmit a bad signal over several iterations and all you get for your trouble is a louder and even noisier signal. That is essentially what social media is doing for the Philippine National â€Å"Debate†. * * * Indeed, everything essential to practicing democracy  properly  comprises stuff most well-bred people learned as little kids. Having a plan to get where one wants to go. Acquiring relevant information and applying it shrewdly. Regarding sales pitches with a critical mind. Being respectful and prudent when communicating with other people - regardless of the communication technology being used. You don’t really need a Masters Degree in political â€Å"science† to really get all that. When one understands  fundamental  problems using  common sense, we tend to have a more practical regard for some of the silver-bullet â€Å"solutions† that the savviest spin-meisters around us build buzzes around. Source: http://getrealphilippines. com/blog/2013/02/everything-i-need-to-know-about-improving-the-outcome-of-philippine-elections-i-learned-in-kindergarten/ BLOG POSTS: Policy Dialogue Series 2004 Academe Meets the Political Parties It has often been said that political parties in the Philippines are based on personalities, not on platforms and ideologies. But individuals do not aggregate demands of sectoral interests. Ideally, parties become the key venues where policies and programs are shaped. In the end, it is still the parties who can be made accountable to their constituents and to the people come post-electoral politics. While it may be true that voting patterns in the Philippines have reflected preference for personalities rather than parties, the platforms of the political parties should still be subjected to public scrutiny. Source: http://twsc. upd. edu. ph/training_PDS1. html Date: March 01, 2004 Filipino Voting Patterns By: Reynz According to some of the articles on the Internet about Filipino voting patterns, most Filipino voters choose their candidates based on the following: 1. ) Utang na loob (Debt of gratitude) 2. ) Winnability 3. ) Charisma 4. ) Media exposure 5. ) Eloquence 6. ) Pakikisama 7. ) Ka-ching! ka-ching! In other words, Filipino voters rarely vote on the basis of the following: 1. ) Capability 2. ) Leadership skills 3. ) Knowledge of the job 4. ) Moral upbringing and, 5. ) Fortitude Source: reynaelena. com/2013/02/03/filipino-voting-patterns/ Date: February 03, 2013

Teaching across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Analyze 4 real cases of directors liability and lessons learned Essay - 1

Analyze 4 real cases of directors liability and lessons learned - Essay Example The initial case is a lawsuit concerning the president for a computer game company. In this case, the director breached his duty of being honesty because the Korean Website company reported the computer game company, 9Korea, together with the company’s director. This complains represented many people who had problems with the company, because it was using their personal residential registration number illegally. The residential claimed that the company’s president was not honest because he was illegally using their identities to open up new accounts for the online game developer. Regarding this case, the court alleged that the company together with its president should be the first party involved in campaigning against illegal use of other people’s names in online game registration. The courts also accused the company for being negligent by using other people real name together with their personal information, which affected more than 800 individuals without thei r permission. Therefore, the court posited that the corporation should reimburse every plaintiff a damage price of KRW 1, 000,000 (Loos 503). Second case is about Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). A minor shareholder in the company called McMullin. Mr. Beran alleged this case, claiming that the chemical company director favors major shareholders when it comes to discussing the prices for chemical products. Mr. Beran claimed that the director failed to follow the required rules in implementing the prices, thus discriminating the needs of minor shareholders in the company. Regarding this matter, the court dismissed the case citing the fact that the plaintiff had planned to rebut the rule governing judgments, which is in place to cover all directors against liabilities. Mr. Beran filed this case because he believed that the company’s director breached fiduciary duties that required him/her to perform his/her

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Big paper - Essay Example In line with this, economic factors outline the economic determinants of the community thus; it defines what the communities entail in order to successfully conquer economic hurdles that the community may face. Moreover, technological aspects outline the intellect that the community influences towards production of merchandise, weapons for protection and many others. The Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome depict the above-mentioned facts. The two communities show the above aspects and successfully interpret these aspects to ensure the triumph in the end. Owing to the sheer nature of the above justifications, this literature seeks to outline the political, social aspects regarding to marriage and the technological development. This is in relation to the Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome and therefore, compares the two communities in order to define their relevance. The historic background Han Dynasty After the end of the civil hostilities that followed with the death of Qin Shihuangdi in 210 B.C. The end of the civic war reunited China underneath the decree of the Han dynasty. As a result, it separated into two key periods: the Former or Western Han amid the 206 B.C.–9 A.D era and the Eastern or Later or Eastern Han in periods of 25–220 A.D. The Qin established the boundaries and Han maintained the boundaries. Consequently the above structure presently defines supplementary or less the state of China. Moreover, the Former Han city, Chang'an lies in contemporary day Shaanxi Province. Besides, a monumental metropolitan center placed out on a north-south federation with palaces, two busy market capacities and suburban wards depicted one of the twofold prevalent cities in the antique world (Yao, 57). Ancient Rome Contrary, Ancient Rome depicted an Italic mode of civilization that arose on the Italian Peninsula as timely period of the 8th century B.C. It lies alongside the Mediterranean Sea and positioned on the capital of Rome. Moreover, it stretched to a ppear to be one of the leading kingdoms in the primordial world with a projected population of 50 to 90 million (approximately 20% of the population of the world), and it lies on a 6.5 million square kilometers ground for the period of its height amid the leading and succeeding centuries AD. Besides, the city of Rome developed from settlements nearby a passage on the river Tiber, an intersection of trade and traffic activities. Conferring to archaeological substantiation, the city of Rome perhaps came around the period of the 8th century BC. However, it may date back to the 10th century BC, by adherents of the Italy tribe of the Latin, which occupied the uppermost of the Palatine Hill. The Etruscans, who had formerly occupied the north part of Etruria, organized a political mechanism in the above province before the 7th century BC. Thus, establishing the monarchical and aristocratic elite. The Etruscans seemingly lost authority in the region before the 6th century BC. At this junctu re, the Sabine the original Latin tribes restructured their regime by forming a republic, that had greater limitations on the capability of head of state to exercise authority (Burgan, 121) Political organization The Han Dynasty portrayed a centralized structure of the government. The Han Empire comprised of two regions unswervingly controlled by the government. The two areas included the commentaries, and some semi-independent empires.