Green Marketing - 764 Words

Green marketing can be defined as promotional strategy designed to promote product or services based on environmental factors or awareness. Green marketing is different from the â€Å"marketing.† Organisation involved in green marketing take decisions relating to the systems, policies and processes of the organisation`s products (Brueckner 2010). In simple words, green marketing promote sustainable consumption. It emphases consumer needs with an effort to improve the environmental attributes of products or services. Further than, products and services, green marketing also emphases on the companies` performance on environmental management. It also takes into consideration the management systems prevailing production and service facility and use†¦show more content†¦When the car was introduced in the market, the marketers linked the car`s advertisement to environmentally conscious celebrities and causes. Some drivers have bought the car just because it is â€Å"Conspi cuous Conservation† (Greenmarketing 2013). Consumers are inspired to buy from organisations that are environmental friendly in the production and when these companies display the green logo on their product. For green marketing to be successful there are some steps which companies have to take into consideration. The 4Ps, that is the green marketing mix should be taken into consideration They are price, place, promotion and product. The green products must cater the needs of the consumer and at the same time offer social or environmental welfares. The price of the product should not be too expensive, whereby, the consumers cannot afford it. Green marketing is a tool for promoting the environment for the future generation. Additionally, with the growing concern of ecological protection many consumers want to identify themselves with organisations that have green compliances. There is also a development for new market which is green market. Nevertheless, there are some barriers for green marketing and they, green marketers have to â€Å"face in markets and societies dominated by conventional growth- oriented mind sets† ( (Brueckner 2010). Reference list:Show MoreRelatedGreen Marketing898 Words   |  4 PagesThere are seven key green marketing principles that will help green companies sustain. Why are green marketing principles so important? There are several reasons. One of them being that businesses can avoid accusations of greenwashing which is a term meaning to promote a companys products deceptively. Another reason is that ethically it is the right thing to do. Businesses should be promoting green and protecting and preserving the environments resources because we all use them. Finally, companiesRead MoreGreen Marketing3851 Words   |  16 PagesINTRODUCTION 2 2.0 OBJECTIVE OF GREEN MARKETING 3 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 3.1 Introduction 3 3.2 Green Marketing legislation 4 3.3 Evolution of Green Marketing 5 3.4 Benefits of Green Marketing 6 3.5 Reason Firms Use Green Marketing 7 3.5.1 Opportunities 7 3.5.2 Social responsibility 8 3.5.3 Governmental pressure 9 3.5.4 Competitive Pressure 10 3.5.5 Cost or profit Issues 10 3.6 Problems with green Marketing 11 3.7 Keys to Successful Green Marketing 12 3.7.1 Being genuine 12 3.7Read MoreGreen Marketing5158 Words   |  21 PagesGREEN MARKETING Abstract: This report analyses the integration of environmental issues into the marketing planning by marketers and the strategies adopted by them to market their products and services. This study emphasises that â€Å"Proactive green marketers† adopting a free market system in their values are the most genuine group in implementing green marketing voluntarily and seeking competitive advantage through environmental friendliness. The study further delves in to the green consumer segmentRead MoreMarketing Strategy For Green Marketing915 Words   |  4 Pages Marketing is not only about advertising, but it also covers the firm objectives and goal since the beginning before the product launched until the product is delivered to the customers. In addition, social marketing has become an essential consideration in a marketing perspective, as consumers are increasingly concerned about the environment, they tend to favor green brands and the environmental practices of the firm. Ther efore, creating green marketing and branding is very significant for the firmRead MoreMarketing: Arizona Green Tea958 Words   |  4 Pagesflashy fonts or colors for packaging, Arizona Green Tea maintains its oriental look, providing a contrast that attracts the eye of the consumer and sells itself. The tea comes in a bottle with a light green opaque film around it. The film is illustrated and the top to the bottle is secured with a paper seal colored with an intricate and geometric design. The two other main ingredients follow the Green Tea wording on the label. The wording Green Tea itself is written in both English and ChineseRead MoreThe Marketing Of Green Marketing Theory Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesGreen Marketing Theory Since the 1970s, non-mainstream marketing concepts have started challenging traditional mainstream marketing concepts. For example, traditional marketing strategies resulted in over-exploitation, waste of resources and enterprises ignored environment deterioration. Under such strategies, enterprises only concern profit but ignores harms to consumers’ health and destroys the balance of environment. Because of these, the marketing theoretical circle started a serious discussionRead MoreGreen Marketing in China1731 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Situation and Movement of Green Marketing in China – Analyze its Resources and Performance Li Hai-e School of Management, South-Central University for Nationalities; WuHan 430074, China Abstract: Green marketing is very important in 21 century. From the main strength of implementation, to analyze why our green marketing is backward, thinking the government should be the leading strength. On the base, the paper brings forward the principal measures government should strengthen and how toRead MoreGreen Marketing Examples2497 Words   |  10 PagesGREEN MARKETING PRACTICES OF INDIAN FIRMS Introduction According to the American Marketing Association, green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example ofRead MoreGreen Marketing, Environmental Marketing And Ecological Marketing1289 Words   |  6 PagesNumerous individuals trust that green marketing alludes exclusively to the advancement or publicizing of items with ecological qualities. Accordingly green promoting consolidates an expansive scope of exercises, including bundling changes, changes to the generation process, item adjustment and in addition changing or altering publicizing. Almost all the governing institutes and regimes around the world have concerned about green marketing activities that they have endeavored to regulate them. ForRead MoreGreen Marketing Essay1966 Words   |  8 PagesGreen Marketing There is a student walking on the street on a chilly and raining night. She feels like to hold a cup of hot coffee in her hands to fight the chilliness. She walks directly toward Starbucks whenever an advertisement comes up to her mind. The advertisement says that the customers who bring their own cups will save ten dollars per cup at Starbucks. After a while, she holds a cup of coffee with satisfaction since she not only saved money but also did something good for the environment

Causes and Effects of Homelessness - 2290 Words

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Tera Penrod Purpose: To help people understand homelessness. Audience: Readers interested in learning about some causes of homelessness and some effects it has. Homelessness is living without a home, be it on the streets or in shelters. There are many causes for people becoming homeless, and the combination of factors that lead to homelessness are different for every individual. Some of the factors that contribute to homelessness for youth, single adults, and families are poverty, domestic violence, substance abuse and mental illness, limited assistance services, and personal choice. The effects are also varied and can pertain to communities, businesses, other people and the homeless†¦show more content†¦Nationally, studies indicate that up to half of homeless women with children have experienced domestic violence, including children who are homeless. With specific shelters available for battered women, more women are fleeing their abusers, thus creating more homeless. Children, too, run away because of being battered and end up homeless. Children often encounter more abuse while on the streets to acquire food, shelter or clot hing. Both, battered women and children are often forced with choosing between being abused or becoming homeless From interviews that I have conducted over the years, there are still homeless people that just choose to become/stay homeless. I interviewed a homeless veteran back in 2009 whose name is Jim, and again in 2011. Jim informed me that he became homeless shortly after the Vietnam War because he chose to. He didn’t have family waiting for him, and had no desire of getting a job after serving his country. After being homeless for more than 15 years, he states that â€Å"it is easier†. He doesn’t have the hardships of paying bills such as rent, utilities, insurance, car fuel, and other bills. He also doesn’t have the responsibilities of caring for dependents, but living only for himself. Because of this advantage, he is able to survive on very little money. Jim says that â€Å"I focus on only the basics of food and hygiene†. With charities providing free food, soupShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead More Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness is a problem virtually every society suffers from. There are many things that cause people to become homeless, such as unemployment, relationship problems, and being evicted from ones domicile either by a landlord, friend or even a family member. However, with every cause there must be an effect. Some of the effects of one becoming homeless, besides the obvious change of lifestyle, are various health problems which often times may lead to death. Many people find themselves inRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesHomelessness is a major problem facing many cities. Some people are homeless because of unfortunate situations, and others are homeless by choice. Homelessness has been around since 1640. The cost of housing is on the rise and many become homeless because they that are not making enough money to afford the cost of housing. The cost of health care and insurance has risen dramatically over the past years. For families living low or middle incomes that can be devastating. Families or individualsRead MoreMain Causes of Why People Become Homelessness Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness Definition Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who having no home or permanent place, because they cannot afford or unable to maintain a regular and safe shelter. Causes There are three main causes why people are homelessness. The first reason is housing. There is increasing evidence that a growing number of homebody in the private rental market are in housing stress. For example, many people pay more than 35 percent of their income on renting house. In additionRead MoreHomeless Population Of New South Wales1444 Words   |  6 PagesOverview â€Å"In a country as prosperous as Australia, no one should have to be homeless.† - The Road Home, 2008 Homelessness is a complex problem and not simply a lack of housing. It has numerous causes that affect different groups differently. In Australia, there are approximately 105000 people experiencing homelessness reported in the 2011 census. This equates to one in every two hundred people. The homeless population of New South Wales accounts for over one quarter of the total in Australia,Read MoreThe Emotional, Social, And Academic Effects Of Homelessness On Children1291 Words   |  6 Pages01/22/2015 The emotional, social, and academic effects of homelessness on children Hardly a day in life goes by without seeing a homeless child trying to survive, especially in developing countries. Unwanted sightings of homeless children happen every day both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increase in divorce and trend in cohabitation has led to an increasing number of children being homeless. As stated in the â€Å" Homeless Facts Children and Homelessness - Some Facts conducted by the CommitteeRead MoreHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accommodations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to fi nd out exactly theRead MoreWhat Causes Homelessness? The United States Of America884 Words   |  4 PagesWhat causes homelessness? Homelessness is a major problem in the United States of America. Homelessness is a state in which people do not have a place to stay in for a period of time and are always spending their time on the streets. From a teenage eluding a bad environment, to an elderly citizen on a fine tuned income that is not enough to cover a rent or the tax increase, to a child whose parents lost their job out of nowhere and became unemployed are what leads to homelessness (â€Å"Homelessness ResourceRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreHomelessness and Mental Illness1095 Words   |  5 Pagesas well. Homelessness and mental illness are linked. These two happenings have similar beginnings. Homelessness is influenced by drug and alcohol disuse, being homeless at a young age, money problems, and trauma symptoms. Mental illness is caused by many of the same things, but it can also happen at birth. The effects that each entity has on a person are comparable. Rehabilitation is a necessary process if a victim of homelessness and or mental illness wants to rejoin society. Homelessness and mental

Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes Free Essays

Today’s policymakers must see past Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes of the extraordinary grown of the U. S. ‘s account deficit. We will write a custom essay sample on Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Greenspan, high rates of saving abroad led to increased consumption in the U. S. An alternative view to the cause of the growth in the deficit is that increased globilization made trade between richer countries and poor countries possible. Rich countries began to buy cheaper goods in poor countries, and poor countries continued to buy their own domestic goods because they were cheaper than those abroad. As a result, the U. S. deficit, which was balanced in 1991, rose to $850 billion in 2006. With the increased trade effects of globilization taking place, the central banks of countries which had a surplus prevented their currencies from appreciating by printing their own currencies and buying thousands of billions of dollars to sustain their competitive advantage. Greenspan argues that no real harm believe that no real harm has been done by these trade imbalances, and that rising debt and progress go hand-in-hand. It seems more likely that the rise of the U. S. Deficit and the paper money creation have generated an economic bubble around the world that is close to imploding. In order to stave off a complete systemic meltdown, the central banks of Europe, the U. S. , and the U. K. have injected billions into the credit markets. The Federal Reserve has been prompted to issue a round of aggressive rate cuts. U. S. lenders have expanded their balance sheets at an unprecedented pace, and the U. S. government is currently rushing through a $150 billion emergency stimulus package in an effort to prevent a world recession. Overall, it seems that Greenspan has confused cause with effect. How to cite Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes, Papers

In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and Essay Example For Students

In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and Essay international software cost $12.5 billion to the software industry,with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates showthat over 40 percent of U.S. software company revenues are generatedoverseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industrys piracylosses occurred outside of the United States borders. The SoftwarePublishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of thebusiness software in the United States was obtained illegally, which30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporatesetting or business, every computer must have its own set of originalsoftware and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for acorporation or business to purchase a single set of original softwareand then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copyor distribute software for any reason without the prior writtenconsent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers areconcerned with the legal compliance, along with asset m anagement andcosts at their organizations. Many firms involve their legaldepartments and human resources in regards to software distributionand licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent lawand copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuantto Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for thegovernment to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerizedinformation as theft, it must first rely on other theories ofinformation-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law,and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of atrade-secret holders rights in the secret. The definition of a tradesecret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the sameelements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of publicknowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a courtwill allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered ordeveloped the trade secret independently or if the holder does nottake adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to registersoftware as a form of literary expression. The office based itsdecision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Courtdetermined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringeupon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanicaldevice. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet alsomechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Officegranted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on NewTechnological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolvingcomputer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws andalso to determine the extent of copyright protection for computerprograms. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection shouldextend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolvingcase law should determine the extent of protection. The commissionalso felt copyright was the best alternative among existingintellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected tradesecret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU reportresulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts asinformal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting theAct. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly includecomputer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that itis illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted materialwithout authorization, except for the users right to make a singlebackup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (includingcomputer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action onthe part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy ofthe software program be deposited with the Copyright Office inWashington, D.C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In orderto prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask acourt (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give youdamages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) wasapproved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the commercialrental, leasing or lending of software without the express writtenpermission of the copyright holder. An amendment to Title 18 to theUnited States Code was passed by Congress in 1992. This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense,and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement ofsoftware. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years,fines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction ordistribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retailvalue exceeding $2,500 or more. Under United States law duplicating software for profit,making multiple copies for use by different users within anorganization, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else isprohibited. Under this law if anyone is caught with the piratedsoftware, an individual or the individuals company can be tried underboth civil and criminal law. A Civil action may be established forinjunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) orstatutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminalpenalties for copyright infringement can result in fines up to$250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense andten years for a second offense or both. When software is counterfeitor copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the wholesoftware industry feels the effect of piracy. All software developersspend a lot of time and money in developing software for public use. Aportion of every dollar spent in purchasing original software isfunneled back into r esearch and development of new software. Softwarepiracy can be found in three forms: software counterfeiting, which isthe illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a formthat is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program; Harddisk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies ofsoftware onto the hard disks of personal computers, which acts as anincentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particulardealer; and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected bymodem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet. When softwareis pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/orupgrade version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in theU.S. have determined that operating systems, object code and softwarecotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some lower federalcourts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set onmicroprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens issu bject to copyright protection. Which leads to the problems of thewidespread development of multimedia applications that has brought outmajor problems in clearing copyright for small elements of text,images, video and sound. The United States Government has been an active participant inprotecting the rights of the software industry. When the BusinessSoftware Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local lawenforcement officials participate also. An organization known as theSoftware Publishers Association (SPA) is the principal tradeassociation of the PC software industry. SPA works closely with theFBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to helpthem investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations(audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actionsresulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 millionsince the program started in 1990. Macbeth Essay SummarySPA has created a program that companies can use to helpdiscover and correct problems before they result in legal actions,fines and also negative publicity. The eight point program is asfollows:1. Appoint a software manager to implement and monitor all aspects ofcompany software policy. 2. Implement a software codes of ethics for everyone to adhere to. Theethics should state that copyrighted software, except for backup andarchival purposes, is a violation of the law. 3. Establish a procedure for acquiring and registering software. Determine your companies software needs, evaluate software packages,and also have supervisors approve the plans. Keep the lines ofcommunication open. 4. Establish and maintain a software log. The log should state thedate of when the software was acquired, the registration of it, serialnumber, network version, location of where the software is in use,where the original is, licensing agreement and the location of theoriginal disks. 5. Conduct periodic audits or on a as needed basis comparing thesoftware log and/or other purchase records. 6. Establish a program to educate and train your employees about everyaspect of software and its uses. 7. Maintain a library of software licenses and provide users withcopies of the agreement. 8. Having done the above seven points, the company can benefit byhaving obtained software legally, receive full documentation,technical support when needed and also upgrade notices. Patents do not cover specific systems, instead they coverparticular techniques that can be used to build systems or particularfeatures that systems can offer. Patent grants the inventor a 17 yearmonopoly on its use. Once a technique or feature is patented, it maynot be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer programusually uses several techniques and provides many features, it caninfringe many patents at once. A computer program is built out ofideal mathematical objects whose behavior is defined, not modeledapproximately, by abstract rules. An example of this is BorlandInternational, Inc. complained in the 1st Federal District Court gaveLotus Development Corp. the benefit of patent protection to Lotus1-2-3 menu commands and their order, but failed to require Lotus tomeet the requirements of patent law, including novelty, examinationand contribution to the prior art. The Supreme Court sided with the1st Circuit decision that one entity cannot own the user interface toprograms. Meaning such as file formats, menu structures andprogramming languages. Software license agreements emerged as the most popular meansof protection of proprietary rights in computer software. They coexistwith other forms of intellectual property rights as patent andcopyright. Software license agreements serve several functions intransactions involving the transfer of computer technology. One of themost important legal functions is the protection of the proprietaryrights of the licenser in the transferred software. Other functionsinclude controlling the revenue generated by licensed software anddetermining the rights and responsibilities of the parties regardingthe performance of the licensed technology. Issue related to thesefunctions include the applicability of Article 2 of the UniformCommercial Code, including offer and disclaimer of warranties,determining the appropriate types of licenses to utilize, such assingle users/CPU licenses, Site/enterprise licenses andnetwork/concurrent licenses. Trade secret, copyright and patent laware emailprotected forms of protection in the sense that they may existindependently of any underlying business transactions and do notnecessarily require any transfer of intellectual property from oneparty to another. Whereas, the need for a license agreement usually arises asone of the contractual forms of protection when the underlyingbusiness transaction involves the transfer of intellectual property,such as computer software. Transactions involving the transferof computer software are subject to both federal and state laws. Generally, state law governs contractual and trade secrets aspects ofthe transaction, while federal law governs aspects related to patent,copyright and antitrust issues. Each state has its own version of adoctrine of a trade secret, the common thread through thesestate-specific laws is that if you show that you are seriouslytreated information as confidential and that the confidentialinformation helped your competitive position, you can stop others fromusing it if the information was improperly acquired by them, and evencollect damages from the wrongdoers. A computer is useless without software. The two types ofsoftware typically found on a computer are operating systems softwareand application software. Operating system software providesinterface that makes it easier to develop programs for the system byreducing the amount of code that must be written. The operating systemacts as an interface between the computer hardware, applicationprograms and the end user. Application software consists of one ormore computer program that fulfill a specific function for the userlike word processing, bookkeeping or financial analysis. Two legalcases recently within the last few years has brought to light thecontroversy regarding the copyright protection of software elements. Until 1992, most of the federal courts followed the decision inWhenlan v Jaslow Dental Laboratory as a precedent of similar cases. Whenlan, a small software company wrote a accounting program forJaslow Dental Laboratory company. Jaslow rewrote the software to runon personal computers and proceeded to sell the product. The softwarewas identical to Whenlans in the data structures, logic, and theprogram structure, except for the source code. Jaslow argued that theduplicated elements were part by the of the idea not the expression. The court in response felt that the data structures, logic, and theprogram structure comprised to make a single function of a computerprogram, therefore copyright protection should be given to thoseelements also. In 1992, this protection was weakened by Computer Associatesv. Altai, Inc. , when Altai a software developer was accused ofcopying various modules of a software package developed by ComputerAssociates which controlled the running of applications on IBMmainframes. The court rejected Whelan=s premise that a computerprogram embodies one function because programs are made up ofsub-routines that contain their own idea. The court recognized thiswould narrow the scope of software copyright protection and found thisin accordance with Congressional intent of computer programs withcopyright. This resulted in why currently software copyright is not asbroad as it once was. BibliographyBrandel, William, Licensing stymies users,URL:http://www.viman.com/license/license.html#policy, VimanSoftware, Inc., 1994. Business Software Alliance, Software Piracy and the Law,URL:http://www.bsa.org/bsa/docs/soft_pl.html, Business SoftwareAlliance, 1995. Software Publishers Association, SPA Anti-Piracy Backgrounder,URL:http://www.spa.org/piracy/pi_back.htm, Software PublishersAssociation, 1995.